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Hard Disks store data in concentric circles on a disk. Each circle is called a track and is made up of a number of sectors each holding data in a block of a few Kb in size). As files are usually much bigger than a sector, they are spread across many sectors and sometimes many tracks.

Over time, as files are deleted and created, it may not be possible to store a file in consecutive sectors and reading it may take longer as the head has to wait for the other sectors and this can be a rotation or more which is a long time. It's fascinating watching the head move across the disk and a tribute to precision engineering that it can so quickly and precisely move to a specified track.

Because the disk read head floats on a microscopic cushion of air that is less than the thickness of a human hair, you don't normally get to see the head moving as its in a case where the air is kept free of impurities, dust etc. Removing the case (as in the disk in this video Hard Disk) means that the disk is doomed to earlier failure though how soon depends on the air quality.

More disk reads or writes means slower file I/o and that's when defragmentation software comes in to reorganize the sectors on disk. Windows has a rudimentary defragger but you can get a powerful open source one that does every version of Windows from NT onwards (not 95 or ME). Written in C, UltraDefrag is at version 4.0 and is designed to defrag as fast as possible. It can also move files to optimize for fast disk operations and also defrag during the boot up for those system files and registry that can't be defragged during normal operation.

The thought of developing defraggers has always been a bit scary as the potential to mess up a disk seems quite high so congratulations to Dmitri Arkhangelski the author and his team for their work which is GPL licensed.

• Link to Windows C Code library

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  One of the reasons why your Windows computer become slow over time is because the files on the hard drive can become fragmented. What is that?

  As you start filling your hard-drive with new programs, documents, and other files, the operating system tries to find vacant places on the hard-drive to place these files. Like an artist who breaks a tile into multiple pieces to form a mosaic, your computer will break these file into fragments and store them in different places across your hard drive.

  When you load a program or open a file, the computer will have to first assemble these “fragmented” pieces thus decreasing the performance. And fragmentation is not just an issue with your computer’s hard disk but even removable devices like the USB Flash Drive or your external drives can also become fragmented with time.

  Windows Disk Defragmenter from Microsoft

  A Disk Defragmenter pre-arranges all the “fragmented” pieces of a file close together thus reducing the time it takes to open files or load programs on your computer. Now, the problem with built-in windows solutions is that the app will ignore all files smaller than 64MB. But Microsoft offers another free, more powerful but lesser-known utility called Contig (short for contiguous) that lets you have more control over the defragmentation process. Contig lets you to defragment individual files, folders, or the entire hard drive. But Contig is command prompt based so you can look at Power Defragmenter – an easy and more visual interface for Contig.

  Using Power Defragmenter, you can visually select files, folders, or the drive you wish to defragment, and Power Defragmenter will internally use Contig to perform the defragmentation process. You may use Contig (Power Defragmenter) on computers running Windows XP, Vista and Windows 7.

  Download MS Power Defragmenter here, or if you are more tech user try the command prompt Contig here.

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  O&O Defrag puts is a replacement for the standard Windows defragmenter, that offers a much advanced set of features. It puts fragmented files together andmaximizes your system speed and offers five different defragmentation strategies, as well as OneButtonDefrag technology for automatic adjustment of the settings bestfitting for your system. The program can defragment drives manually, or fully automatic in the background, keeping your system at peak performance by avoidingbuildup of file fragmentation. Defragmentation jobs can also be scheduled, using various criteria. Additional features include status reports, cluster inspector,command line interface, optional MMC integration, boot time defragmentation, special support for mobile systems and more. O&O Defrag solves the performanceand stability problems of Windows workstations and servers caused by fragmented hard disks. Fragmentation is the main cause of significant losses in performance inWindows.
  Due to the fact that the hard disk is the slowest component of a computer, its optimization is an especially important issue. By using O&O Defrag,files can be read and written much more quickly. What at first seems to be lost performance can easily be rediscovered and realized again with O&O Defrag,giving you the peace of mind that your hardware is in good health and operating optimally.
  The new O&O Defrag 12 Professional Edition unleashes the hiddenperformance of your computer. O&O Defrag optimizes your hard disk and effciently packs fle fragments together again. O&O Defrag 12 is everythingsuperior defragmentation software should be: it gives you fully automatic defragmentation for the home user as well as expertlevel professional settingoptions.
  Important Features at a Glance:
  NEW: Fully compatible with Microsoft Windows 7, Vista and XP
  NEW: Zone fling for optimal organization of fles
  NEW: Threeadditional defragmentation methods (eight methods in all)
  Improved: Even better at eliminating high levels of fragmentation
  Background monitoring: your system isconstantly kept at its peak
  Screen Saver Mode: optimizes your PC whenever its not being used
  Enhanced: O&O OneClickDefrag for fully automaticconfiguration
  Job Assistant for scheduling defragmentation
  Operating systems: Windows 2000, XP, Vista, Windows 7
  New functions in version 12:
  All your systems fleswill be sorted by O&O Defrag 12 according to their level of use, and each one will be separated into its own section of the hard disk. Thanks to the divisioninto drive zones, all fles are rearranged optimally after the defragmentation. O&O Defrag 12 introduces 3 new defragmentation methods, which work perfectlyin combination with the previous methods. All of this will allow you to start your computer and its programs faster than before, and actually prevent any suddenincrease in fragmentation. In addition, subsequent defragmentations will run much faster. Zone fling can also be supplemented by a user defned fleorganization.
  Creation and consequence of fragmented fles
  Fragmentation can drastically slow your computer down. When saved by the operating system, fles are brokeninto fragments and dispersed across the entire hard disk. Increased fragmentation ends up having an extremely negative effect on your access times. O&ODefrag is the perfect remedy. A defragmentation rearranges the individual data fragments and writes them contiguously on the hard disk. This is really the only wayfor your computer to regain its original power and performance.
  Drive zones
  The data is inspected according to set criteria, and then fled into separate zones on thehard disk. A special algorithm organizes the data optimally onto the disk following the defragmentation. System fles which have to be accessed quickly, for example,will be separated from the rest. Between the zones there is free space so that new fles can be immediately moved to the correct zone. This logical organizationconsiderably reduces the time needed for future fragmentation, and also prevents new fragmentation from occurring in the frst place.
  Automatic defragmentationrun
  The O&OOneClickDefrag wizard makes it easier to select the optimal strategy for automatic defragmentation. Depending on how you use your computer,whether for gaming or for work, O&O Defrag confgures different strategies and combinations for automatic defragmentation, and over time, even adapts to newcircumstances. In addition, you can set O&O Defrag to start the defragmentation whenever a certain fragmentation level is reached on the hard disk orpartition. The defragmentation can be run on a certain day of the week, or whenever your screen saver is active. You can stop or resume the defragmentation wheneveryou wish, since O&O Defrag immediately recognizes where the defragmentation was stopped.
  Power Management for Netbooks and Notebooks
  The O&OIntelligentPowerControl technology ensures a special support for mobile systems. As soon as your Internet or notebook is separated from external power resources,O&O Defrag switches to a standby mode and the defragmentation is paused. This guarantees that no battery power is used for defragmentation, and you can fnishyour work with all available power resources. Once you reconnect your notebook, the defragmentation will be automatically resumed.
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  Tune Up Utilities 2008 v 7.0.8004.

  Increase performance
  It’s difficult to start up Windows. It takes a long time to shutWindows down. Programs take a long time to open. Games stall whileloading. Are you also under the impression that your PC’s performanceis getting worse?
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• Significantly shortens the startup times of Windows, programs, and games
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